Few studies related changes in motor activity with functional gait measures. Most studies investigated only distal muscles, involved small sample sizes, extracted limited EMG features and lacked rigorous signal processing. Quality of the studies was not strong, with a median score of 61%. Tibialis anterior was impacted most by the interventions. Dopaminergic medication was associated with increased distal lower limb muscle activity whereas subthalamic nucleus DBS increased activity of both proximal and distal lower limb muscles. Results indicated greater proximal and decreased distal activity of lower limb muscles during walking in individuals with PD compared to HOA.
Additionally, the effect of dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS) on modifying motor activity is assessed. The weight of evidence establishing differences in motor activity between people with PD and healthy older adults (HOAs) is considered. This article reviews sixteen studies that investigate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of lower limb muscles in people with PD during walking and reports on their quality. Understanding how muscle activity contributes to gait impairment and effects of therapeutic interventions on motor behaviour is crucial for identifying potential biomarkers and developing rehabilitation strategies. Gait deficits are a common feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and predictors of future motor and cognitive impairment.
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